Description

Taxonomy

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family	Genus
Animalia	Bryozoa	Phylolactolaemata		Lophopodidae	Lophopodella

Synonyms

Pectinatella carteri; Lophipus carteri

Invasion History

Chesapeake Bay Status

First Record	Population	Range	Introduction	Residency	Source Region	Native Region	Vectors
1961	Established	Unknown	Introduced	Boundary Resident	North America	East Asia	Ornamental(Aquatic Plant),Fisheries(Fisheries Accidental),Natural Dispersal(Natural Dispersal)

History of Spread

The freshwater bryozoan Lophopodella carteri is native to southeast Asia, (Ricciardi and Reiswig 1994), and is also known from single collections in Africa and Australia (Wood 1991). Lophopodella carteri has been recorded from Europe only from the Volga delta, Russia, where its occurrence was attributed to the transport of statoblasts (resting cysts) by migrating birds (Abricosov and Kosova 1963).

Its first North American record was from the Delaware and Raritan Canal near Princetown NJ in 1930, by Dahlgren (1934). 'The writer concludes that it is a recent introduction, from India, probably. He has collected extensively in the fresh waters around Princeton since 1890 and had never seen it until four years ago when it was abundant in the canal but not in the lake or other Princeton streams and ponds (Dahlgren 1934). Subsequently, L. carteri was found in two shallow embayments on the southwest shore Lake Erie (OH) in 1931 (Rogick 1934). Its present range in natural waters in OH is still limited to Lake Erie (Wood 1991). Its occurrence in the indoor greenhouses of a company cultivating waterlilies (Masters 1940) suggests the likeliest route of entry. In addition to the greenhouses sampled by Masters (1940) in OH, the William Tricker Company also owned growing pools in Saddle River NJ.

This bryozoan has spread in a scattered fashion over eastern North America, from Quebec (Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers, 1989) (Ricciardi and Lewis 1991; Ricciardi and Reisweig 1994) and MA (Deerfield MA, Connecticut River, 1984) (Smith 1985) to KY (Rogick 1957) and VA (Tenney and Woolcott 1962). 'In North America, the species is regionally rare but often locally abundant' (Wood 1991).'

Chesapeake Bay records are summarized below: York River - Lophopodella carteri was found in nontidal Coastal Plain waters of the York drainage at the Virginia State Bass Hatchery at Stevensville VA; abundant on walls and gates of spillways (1961) (Tenney and Woolcott 1962).

Potomac River -L. carteri was listed as occurring in tidal fresh waters of the Potomac estuary (Pfitzenmeyer et al. 1976), but no specific records were found. In a recent survey (Banta and Backus 1991), it was not found in the tidal Potomac in the vicinity of Washington DC, but it was collected in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal near Lock 6, at Little Falls, just above the head of tide on the adjacent river. The most recent collection here was 1989 (Banta and Backus 1991).

History References - Abricosov and Kosova 1963; Banta and Backus 1991; Dahlgren 1934; Masters 1940; Pfitzenmeyer1976; Ricciardi and Lewis 1991; Ricciardi and Reisweig 1994; Rogick 1934; Rogick 1957; Smith 1985; Tenney and Woolcott 1962; Wood 1991

Invasion Comments

Residency - This bryozoan is known from ponds and streams in the Coastal Plain (Tenney and Wolcott 1962), from the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in the vicinity of the Fall Line (Banta and Backus 1991), and was included in a list of species in the tidal fresh Potomac (Pfitzenmeyer et al. 1976). However, we have found no other reports from tidal waters.

Range status- Lophopodella carteri probably occurrs at other locations in the Chesapeake drainage, and in tidal fresh waters, but has not been reported.

Ecology

Environmental Tolerances

	For Survival		For Reproduction
	Minimum	Maximum	Minimum	Maximum
Temperature (ºC)	0.0	32.0	9.0	26.0
Salinity (‰)	0.0		0.0
Oxygen
pH
	Salinity Range	fresh-oligo

Age and Growth

	Male	Female
Minimum Adult Size (mm)
Typical Adult Size (mm)
Maximum Adult Size (mm)
Maximum Longevity (yrs)
Typical Longevity (yrs

Reproduction

	Start	Peak	End
Reproductive Season
Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event
Sexuality Mode(s)
Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction
Fertilization Type(s)
More than One Reproduction Event per Year
Reproductive Startegy
Egg/Seed Form

Impacts

Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay

Lophopodella carteri probably has insignificant impacts in the Chesapeake Bay itself because of its scarcity (Banta and Backus 1991). It poses a potential problem to fish hatcheries and aquaculture facilities in the Chesapeake watershed, because of its toxicity. Toxin release by intact bryozoans is insignificant, but when colonies are torn up by nets, fish kills can occur (Rogick 1957; Tenney and Woolcott 1964).

References - Banta and Backus 1991; Rogick 1957; Tenney and Woolcott 1964

Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay

Lophopodella carteri's main economic impact is as a possible source of fish mortality in fish hatcheries and aquaculture facilties. Mortalities due to this bryozoan were noted in a PA fish hatchery (Rogick 1957; Tenney and Woolcott 1964).

References- Rogick 1957; Tenney and Woolcott 1964

Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species

Lophopodella carteri's impact in Chesapeake bay is probably limited by its sporadic occurrence in tidal waters (Banta and Backus 1991). One important impact of dense populations of L. carteri in nontidal waters (e.g. the York River drainage, Stevensville VA), results from this organism's production of a powerful toxin in its coelomic fluid (Collins et al. 1965; Rogick 1957; Tenney and Woolcott 1964). Extracts of L. carteri tissue killed fish of 10 species, including the native Esox niger (Chain Pickerel), Noturus insignis (Margined Madtom), Cyprinella analostanus (Satinfin Shiner), Notropis procne (Swallowtail Shiner), Semiotilus corporalis (Fallfish), Etheostoma nigrum (Johnny Darter), and E. vitreum (Glassy Darter), as well as larvae of the salamander Ambystoma opacum (Marbled Salamander). Tadpoles, adult frogs, and mice were not affected (Collins et al. 1965; Tenney and Woolcott 1964). The toxin can apparently be discharged into the surrounding water and serves to prevent predation on the bryozoans, but does not normally cause mortality. However, if colonies in ponds are mechanically disrupted during fish harvesting, or fish and bryozoans are placed together in small containers, extensive mortality of fish can occur (Collins et al. 1965; Tenney and Woolcott 1964). Statoblasts of this bryozoan are eaten by fishes with no apparent ill effects (Ricciardi and Reisweig 1994).

References - Banta and Backus 1991; Collins et al. 1965; Ricciardi and Reisweig 1994; Rogick 1957; Tenney and Woolcott 1964

Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species

The bryozoan Lophopodella carteri's impact on introduced biota in Chesapeake bay is probably limited by its sporadic occurrence in tidal waters (Banta and Backus 1991). It was found to be toxic to Carassius auratus (Goldfish) and Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth Bass) as well as 8 native species (Tenney and Woolcott 1964). Mortality of fishes may be confined to hatchery situations, where fish in small ponds may be exposed to torn-up bryozoans during harvesting (Rogick 1957; Tenney and Woolcott 1964).

References - Banta and Backus 1991; Rogick 1957; Tenney and Woolcott 1964

References

Abricasav, G. G;, Kosova, A. A. (1963) A finding of tropical fresh water Bryozoa, Lophopodella carteri, Zoologicheskij Zhurnal 42: 1724-1726

Banta, William C.; Backus, Byron T. (1991) Bryozoans as indicators of water quality in the Washington DC area., , Washington DC. Pp.

Collins, Eric J.; Tenney, Wilton R.; Woolcott, William S. (1966) Histological effects of the poison of Lophopodella carteri(Hyatt) on the gills of Carassius auratus (Linnaeus) and larval Ambystoma opacum (Gra Venhorst), Virginia Journal of Science 17: 155-161

Dahlgren, Ulric (1934) A species and genus of fresh-water Bryozoan new to North America, Science 79: 510

Masters, Charles Otto (1940) Notes on subtropical plants and animals in Ohio, Ohio Journal of Science 40: 147-148

Pfitzenmeyer, Hayes T. (1976) Some effects of salinity on the macroinvertebrates of the lower Potomac., In: Mason, William T.; Flynn, Kevin C.(Eds.) The Potomac Estuary: Biological resources - Trends and Options. , Bethesda MD. Pp. 75-80

Ricciardi, Anthony; Lewis, David J. (1991) Occurrence and ecology of Lophopodella carteri (Hyatt) and other freshwater Bryozoa in the lower Ottawa River near Montreal, Quebec, Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 1401-1404

Ricciardi, Anthony; Reiswig, Henry M. (1994) Taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of the freshwater bryozoans (Ectoprocta) of eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 339-359

Rogick, Mary D. (1957) Studies on fresh-water Bryozoa, XVIII Lophopodella carteri in Kentucky., Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 18: 85-87

Smith, Douglas G. (1985) Lophopodella carteri (Hyatt), Pottsiella erecta (Potts), and other freshwater Ectoprocta in the Connecticut River (New England, U.S.A.), Ohio Journal of Science 85: 65-70

Smith, Douglas G. (1991) Keys to the freshwater macroinvertebrates of Massachusetts, , Boston. Pp. 1-236

Tenney, Wilton R.; Woolcott, William S. (1962) First report of the bryozoan, Lophopodella carteri (Hyatt), in Virginia, American Midland Naturalist 68: 247-248

Wood, Timothy S. (1991) Bryozoans, , San Diego. Pp. 481-499

Lophopodella carteri

Ectoprocts